Heavy Metal Content (Mercury and Lead) in Fish for Consumption in Indonesia and Its Implications for Food Safety, Health Status and Risk of Chronic Diseases: Systematic Review
Kandungan Logam Berat (Merkuri dan Timbal) pada Ikan Konsumsi di Indonesia dan Implikasinya terhadap Keamanan Pangan, Status Kesehatan dan Risiko Penyakit Kronik: Systematic Review
Keywords:
Mercury, Lead, Fish consumption, Food safety, Chronic disease riskAbstract
Background: Indonesia's high fish consumption (>55 kg/capita/year) poses Hg and Pb exposure risk from small-scale gold mining and coastal industries. Objective: Analyze Hg and Pb content in consumption fish and implications for food safety, health status, and chronic disease risk. Methods: PRISMA 2020 systematic review; searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Sinta, Garuda (2015–2025) using PICOS; 15 studies included post-ROBINS-I assessment. Results: Predator fish Hg reached 5.4 mg/kg (70% studies exceed SNI 0.5 mg/kg), THQ ≥1 (OR=2.3); Pb generally <0.3 mg/kg. Chronic exposure elevates neurodevelopmental disorder risk (RR=1.8), cardiovascular, and CKD progression. Conclusions: Polluted water predator fish pose high food safety risk; low-trophic fish safe. Suggestions: Species/zone-specific consumption advisories (1 predator serving/week), enhanced BPOM surveillance in mining areas
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